How far can an e-bike really go on one charge?

Real-world range depends on battery size, assist level, terrain, rider weight, and wind. A typical 500Wh battery delivers 30-60 miles on mixed terrain with moderate pedal assist. Manufacturers often quote optimistic ranges tested on flat ground at low assist. Expect roughly 15-20 Wh per mile for a realistic estimate — divide your battery's Wh capacity by that to get your actual range.